Climate Matters•August 9, 2021
IPCC 6th Assessment Report - The Physical Science Basis
KEY CONCEPTS
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the first of three installments of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). The first installment is from Working Group I(WG1) and it discusses the physical science of climate change. Reports from Working Groups II (Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability) and III (Mitigation of climate change) will follow in 2022.
This report emphasizes the increasing confidence that scientists have that human activities are both increasing CO2 concentrations and warming our planet.
Still confused about all the acronyms and science-heavy terms? Read our full release below to understand what the IPCC is, how climate models work, and what's so special about 1.5°C.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the first of three installments of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). The first installment, called Working Group I (WG1), discusses the physical science of climate change. WG1 has 12 chapters and covers a wide range of topics, including climate extremes, regional climate change, global carbon cycles, and more.
Highlights of the report: The big story in this report is the growing confidence in the link between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, rising global temperatures, and accelerating climate impacts. This is supported by updated climate models that use improved socioeconomic development pathways. These models provide more detailed projections about possible future conditions — which depend on choices humans make about carbon emissions.
In AR6, scientists are even more confident that:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) causes planetary warming. Humans have released 2.39 trillion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere since 1850. Global average temperature is now 1.26° C (2.27°F) higher than 1850, and nearly half of this increase (0.6°C or 1°F) has happened since the year 2000 (see methods below).
Planetary warming includes warming in the air and ocean and leads to melting ice in the Arctic, Greenland, and Antarctica, and increasing amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere.
Increasing global average temperatures mean rising sea levels, more intense precipitation, and more severe droughts.
Warming will continue until CO2 pollution stops. The more additional CO2 we add to the atmosphere, the more warming we will get in the future.
The new report builds on 30 years of previous IPCC assessments. In fact, every assessment report, from the first in 1990 all the way up to the newly released AR6, established that human activities have increased CO2 concentrations and warmed our planet. For example, the IPCC’s Second Assessment Report in 1995 stated “carbon dioxide remains the most important contributor to anthropogenic forcing of climate change; projections of future global mean temperature change and sea level rise confirm the potential for human activities to alter the Earth's climate to an extent unprecedented in human history.”
This summer’s unprecedented heat in the Pacific Northwest, deepening drought and fires in the West, and extreme rain in the Midwest are all consistent with the predictions discussed in earlier IPCC reports. The new report states confidently that the trend toward more extremes is caused by excess CO2 in the atmosphere, and that these trends are highly likely to continue until CO2 emissions are reduced to zero.
Still confused about all the acronyms and science terms? Climate Central has you covered with some FAQs about the IPCC report and the science that goes into it.
What is the IPCC?
The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) was established by the World Meteorological Association in 1988 to provide the most comprehensive scientific information about climate change to the international community. The IPCC does not conduct original research, but it assesses and summarizes the current scientific literature on climate change, its potential impacts and the options for mitigation of future emissions.
What are Climate Models?
Climate models are an important tool used by the IPCC, but they are not developed by the IPCC. This year’s report features a new generation of models and projections. Most of the global projections that this report presents have been produced under CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6). CMIP6 is a set of coordinated experiments where numerous climate models from around the world are run with the same agreed-upon conditions involving climate drivers like carbon dioxide and methane. The results of the models allow for a more direct comparison of results. This ensemble approach in CMIP6 is better in many ways — including models with finer resolution, better representation of atmosphere and ocean dynamics, and better representation of how ecosystems take up and release carbon dioxide.
What are SSPs?
The climate drivers for the CMIP6 projections are based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). These pathways examine different ways population, education, urbanization, economic growth, and technological development may evolve in the coming decades. Each pathway gives rise to amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases over the whole 21st century that are consistent with the development. The SSPs extend through a range of scenarios that include high CO2 scenarios (SSP3-7.0), and scenarios where CO2 levels and warming stabilize (SSP1-2.6). The IPCC does not attempt to pick the pathway that society is most likely to take. Instead, the pathways provide a way for people to understand the risks and benefits of alternative policy choices.
What is so special about 1.5°C?
The new report spends a lot of time looking at what cuts in our global CO2 emissions would be needed to keep temperatures from rising more than 1.5°C (2.7°F) above pre-industrial levels. In the Paris Climate Agreement, countries around the world agreed to take primary steps to limit warming to 2°C (3.6°F), but also take additional steps to limit warming to 1.5°C. Limiting warming to 1.5°C would decrease the risks of food and water insecurity and potentially save global coral reefs from complete devastation. The new report emphasizes that meeting the 1.5°C target is not impossible but that it is becoming increasingly more difficult. It is important to remember that the world doesn’t end if we go past 1.5°C. However, every additional tenth of a degree makes extreme weather, sea level rise, and climate impacts on nature and people worse.
Is it all bad?
There is a lot of bad news in the report. Changes that were predicted in prior reports have come to pass and scientists have very high confidence that warming trends will continue. The report also emphasizes the risks of compound extremes, joint occurrences of potentially damaging events that become more likely at higher levels of warming.
On the other hand, we know what is coming and can prepare for it (which will be discussed by Part II and Part III of the report). We also have an increasing number of countries, now including the U.S., as well as states, cities, businesses and institutions that have made commitments to reduce net carbon emissions to zero by 2050. Achieving these goals is possible, especially as wind turbines, solar cells, and electric batteries get better and less expensive. Achieving these goals will also have an economic boost by creating more clean-energy jobs, reducing health care costs, and avoiding the cost of recovering from even worse climate-related disasters.
POTENTIAL LOCAL STORY ANGLES
What are the most important climate impacts in my area?
The newly released AR6 WG1 report has a section dedicated to North America in Chapter 12 that assesses the continent’s changing climate. For more in-depth analysis on regions within the U.S., check out the Fourth U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA). In the report, you can find a breakdown of the most relevant climate impacts in 10 distinct US regions and the impacts on different sectors like agriculture, oceans, and human health.
LOCAL EXPERTS
The SciLine service, 500 Women Scientists or the press offices of local universities may be able to connect you with local scientists who have expertise on climate change. The American Association of State Climatologists is a professional scientific organization composed of all 50 state climatologists.
NATIONAL EXPERTS
Zeke Hausfather, Ph.D.
Climate Scientist, Berkeley Earth
Contributing Author, IPCC AR6 Working Group I Report
zeke@berkeleyearth.orgClaudia Tebaldi, Ph.D.
Earth Scientist, JGCRI/PNNL
Lead Author, Chapter 12, IPCC AR6 Working Group Report
claudia.tebaldi@pnnl.gov
METHODOLOGY
Global mean temperatures cited above and in the “Closing in on 1.5°C” graphic are from the U.K. Met Office Hadley Center’s HADCRUT5 dataset. Deviations are measured relative to the period 1850-1900, the same time period used by the WG1 for the pre-industrial period.
The “U. S. Climate Impacts” graphic synthesizes information from the WG1 report, especially Table 12.8. More specific information on impacts expected for the U. S. can be found in the most recent U.S. National Climate Assessment.